Radiation Research Data Collection
This page is for categorization of reports and data related to radiation exposure through all sources, studies on radiation exposure and outcomes and any other related data. Please leave your notes in the comments. Anyone with editing access can then grab out of comments and organize into groupings as needed.
General info on radiation levels and exposures:
Estacion saves the day! Thanks for the conversions.
0.10 Gy = 0.10 Sv = 100 mSv = 1000 uSv, for X-ray, Gamma ray or beta radiaton
0.10 Gy = 2.00 Sv, for alpha particles
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Radiation absorbed dose (rad)
Under exposure a given material has an ability to absorb radiation. This differs with certain materials (think lead versus water) and some will absorb more or less as radiation passes through.
Conventional units: A dose of 1 rad means the absorption of 100 ergs of radiation energy per gram of absorbing material
SI units: A dose of 1 gray means the absorption of 1 joule of radiation energy per kilogram of absorbing material
conversion
1 Gy = 100 rad
1 rad = 0.01 Gy
Dose equivalent
The dose equivalent is a measure of biological effect for whole body irradiation. The dose equivalent is equal to the product of the absorbed dose and the Quality Factor.
The Quality Factor (Q) depends on the type of radiation:
X-ray, Gamma ray, or beta radiation: Q = 1
alpha particles: Q = 20
neutrons of unknown energy: Q = 10 (If the neutron energy is known, see more specific Q values at 10 CFR 20.1004)
conventional units: dose equivalent (rems) is the product of dose (rads) and Q
SI units: dose equivalent (sieverts) is the product of dose (grays) and Q
Conversion
1 Sievert (Sv) = 100 rem
1 rem = 0.01 Sievert (Sv)
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation_units
Effective dose calculation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_dose
Linear No Threshold Model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model
Ramsar world’s highest natural background radiation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar,_Mazandaran#Radioactivity
Civilian radiation accidents http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents#2000s
Radiation Accident Protocols w/ Public – important document!
http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/pdf/population-monitoring-guide.pdf
Scientific American Article on Radioactive Iodine http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=japan-earthquake-tsunami-radiation
Radioprotective protocols http://radioprotectiveprotocols.wordpress.com/2011/04/12/low-level-radiation-campaign-advice-for-the-people-of-japan/
WHO – Japan FAQ Food Safety http://www.who.int/hac/crises/jpn/faqs/en/index7.html
NCRP radiation exposure guidelines
http://www.tenorm.com/regs2.htm
NCRP report
http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0122/ML012210107.pdf
Forbes – Does EPA Tolerate More Radiation than FDA? http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2011/04/14/why-does-fda-tolerate-more-radiation-than-epa
Contamination at Monticello UT – Superfund Site
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r0889025.pdf
RADIATION STUDIES:
Tissue weighting fetus embryo radiation
http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/content/112/4/519.short
Radon & Lung Cancer Study http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212062
Ultra Low Radiation Effects http://www.orionint.com/ullre/summary-2006.pdf
NCRP report 136 -Evaluation of the Linear-Nonthreshold Dose-Response Model for Ionizing Radiation http://iopscience.iop.org/0952-4746/22/3/703
** This has some solid conclusions, this link is a book report on the study, need the report.
NRC Executive Summary of NCRP report 136
http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0122/ML012210107.pdf
Evaluation of the Linear-Nonthreshold Dose-Response Model for Ionizing Radiation (NCRP Report No 136) http://iopscience.iop.org/0952-4746/22/3/703
CHERNOBYL Assessment of Radiological and Health Impacts
2002 Update of Chernobyl: Ten Years On
http://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/reports/2003/nea3508-chernobyl.pdf
Tondell Study, Sweden cancers from Chernobyl
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732641/pdf/v058p01011.pdf
Exposure of the American People to Iodine-131 from Nevada Nuclear-Bomb Tests:
Review of the National Cancer Institute Report and Public Health Implications
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=6283
Risk of Thyroid Cancer After Exposure to 131I in Childhood
Journal of the National Cancer Inst.
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/10/724.short
RADIATION SAFETY, PRECAUTIONS AND ADVICE TO PATIENTS ADMINISTERED THERAPEUTIC DOSES OF I-131
http://www.alasbimnjournal.cl/revistas/4/amarali.htm
(thanks Vivre)
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Ariadne’s research finds with comments:
This fellow has also done lots of research on radiation effects on nuclear power industry workers. http://www.rrjournal.org He was one of the folks doing that big 2004 Chernobyl thyroid study on young people (cited below). Maybe we should write him and find out if there are more recent results, and see if he can give us any information on dose/effects we might be able to use to help educate folks re: Fukushima. Geoffrey R. Howe, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Suite 1104, New York, NY 10032; gh68@columbia.edu http://www.rrjournal.orghttp://www.rrjournal.org/action/doSearch?action=searchAuthor&type=simple&action=search&nh=10&displaySummary=
false&result=true&type=simple&sauthcbx=Howe,%20Geoffrey%20R.&checkbox
Num=37&dbname=Radiation%20Research
This one says they can’t say for sure that there is or is not a threshold dose below which there will be effects from the radiation. http://www.rrjournal.org Puskin, J. S. What Can Epidemiology Tell Us about Risks at Low Doses? Radiat. Res. 169, 122–124 (2008).
Limitations on statistical power preclude direct detection and quantification of radiogenic cancer risks at very low (environmental) levels of low-LET radiation through epidemiological studies. Given this limitation and our incomplete understanding of cellular processes leading to radiation carcinogenesis, an “effective threshold” in the dose range of interest for radiation protection cannot yet be ruled out. Ongoing epidemiological studies of chronically exposed individuals receiving very low daily doses of radiation can be used, however, together with radiobiological data, to critically test whether such a threshold is plausible. http://www.rrjournal.org/doi/abs/10.1667/RR1187.1
This one actually has some dose-related numbers. jnci.oxfordjournals.org
Risk of Thyroid Cancer After Exposure to 131I in Childhood Background: After the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986, a large increase in the incidence of childhood thyroid cancer was reported in contaminated areas. Most of the radiation exposure to the thyroid was from iodine isotopes, especially 131I. We carried out a population-based case–control study of thyroid cancer in Belarus and the Russian Federation to evaluate the risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to radioactive iodine in childhood and to investigate environmental and host factors that may modify this risk. Methods: We studied 276 case patients with thyroid cancer through 1998 and 1300 matched control subjects, all aged younger than 15 years at the time of the accident. Individual doses were estimated for each subject based on their whereabouts and dietary habits at the time of the accident and in following days, weeks, and years; their likely stable iodine status at the time of the accident was also evaluated. Data were analyzed by conditional logistic regression using several different models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: A strong dose–response relationship was observed between radiation dose to the thyroid received in childhood and thyroid cancer risk (P<.001). For a dose of 1 Gy, the estimated odds ratio of thyroid cancer varied from 5.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1 to 9.5) to 8.4 (95% CI = 4.1 to 17.3), depending on the risk model. A linear dose–response relationship was observed up to 1.5–2 Gy. The risk of radiation-related thyroid cancer was three times higher in iodine-deficient areas (relative risk [RR]= 3.2, 95% CI = 1.9 to 5.5) than elsewhere. Administration of potassium iodide as a dietary supplement reduced this risk of radiation-related thyroid cancer by a factor of 3 (RR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.1 to 0.9, for consumption of potassium iodide versus no consumption). Conclusion: Exposure to 131I in childhood is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Both iodine deficiency and iodine supplementation appear to modify this risk. These results have important public health implications: stable iodine supplementation in iodine-deficient populations may substantially reduce the risk of thyroid cancer related to radioactive iodines in case of exposure to radioactive iodines in childhood that may occur after radiation accidents or during medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
* Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 97, No. 10, © Oxford University Press 2005, all rights reserved.
http://www.rrjournal.org
Chornobyl Thyroid Diseases Study Group of Belarus, Ukraine, and the USA. A Cohort Study of Thyroid Cancer and Other Thyroid Diseases after the Chornobyl Accident: Objectives, Design and Methods. Radiat. Res. 161, 481–492 (2004). “This paper describes an ongoing cohort study being conducted in Belarus and Ukraine that includes 25,161 subjects under the age of 18 years in 1986 who are being screened for thyroid diseases every 2 years. Individual thyroid doses are being estimated for all study subjects based on measurement of the radioactivity of the thyroid gland made in 1986 together with a radioecological model and interview data. Approximately 100 histologically confirmed thyroid cancers were detected as a consequence of the first round of screening. The data will enable fitting appropriate dose–response models, which are important in both radiation epidemiology and public health for prediction of risks from exposure to radioactive iodines from medical sources and any future nuclear accidents. Plans are to continue to follow-up the cohort for at least three screening cycles, which will lead to more precise estimates of risk.” I will see if I can find the follow up articles. This is a big study, following more than 25,000 people. http://www.rrjournal.org/doi/abs/10.1667/3148
http://www.rrjournal.org I think this one says they couldn’t find a clear correlation between exposure/dose and getting hyperthyroidism. As in, they couldn’t say you have to get x amount to get it, less than that you don’t get it. There’s a longer abstract at the link. Prevalence of Hyperthyroidism after Exposure during Childhood or Adolescence to Radioiodines from the Chornobyl Nuclear Accident: Dose–Response Results from the Ukrainian-American Cohort Study “In summary, after a thorough exploration of the data, we found no statistically significant dose–response relationship between individual 131I thyroid doses and prevalent hyperthyroidism.”
http://www.rrjournal.org/doi/abs/10.1667/RR2003.1
Roy E. Shore (1992) Issues and Epidemiological Evidence regarding Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer. Radiation Research: July 1992, Vol. 131, No. 1, pp. 98-111. The available information on the induction of thyroid cancer in humans by ionizing radiation is summarized and weaknesses or gaps in assessing risk are identified. Issues to be addressed include: average estimates of thyroid cancer risk from external irradiation, the effects of age on thyroid cancer induction, shape of the dose-response curve for acute irradiation, magnitude of risk at low doses, effects of dose fractionation or dose protraction, the relative effectiveness of iodine-131 (131 I) in inducing thyroid cancer compared to external radiation, the temporal course of radiogenic thyroid cancer risk, mortality caused by thyroid cancer, host-susceptibility factors for radiogenic thyroid cancer, and biological factors in risk. It is concluded that the most important needs are to obtain more information on thyroid cancer risks following low-level or highly fractionated radiation exposures and following131 I exposure in children.This article costs $30 for 30 days access to the pdf. From the abstract it is difficult to tell exactly how much information the article provides; it seems the conclusion is that more studies need to be done. If the techies feel like it’s worth it I will spend the $30 for access. Let me know. Now back to searching…. http://www.rrjournal.org/doi/abs/10.2307/3578322?journalCode=rare
Elaine Ron, Jay H. Lubin, Roy E. Shore, Kiyohiko Mabuchi, Baruch Modan, Linda M. Pottern, Arthur B. Schneider, Margaret A. Tucker and John D. Boice, Jr. (1995) Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to External Radiation: A Pooled Analysis of Seven Studies. Radiation Research: March 1995, Vol. 141, No. 3, pp. 259-277. The thyroid gland of children is especially vulnerable to the carcinogenic action of ionizing radiation. To provide insights into various modifying influences on risk, seven major studies with organ doses to individual subjects were evaluated. Five cohort studies (atomic bomb survivors, children treated for tinea capitis, two studies of children irradiated for enlarged tonsils, and infants irradiated for an enlarged thymus gland) and two case-control studies (patients with cervical cancer and childhood cancer) were studied. The combined studies include almost 120,000 people (approximately 58,000 exposed to a wide range of doses and 61,000 nonexposed subjects), nearly 700 thyroid cancers and 3,000,000 person years of follow-up. For persons exposed to radiation before age 15 years, linearity best described the dose response, even down to 0.10 Gy. At the highest doses (>10 Gy), associated with cancer therapy, there appeared to be a decrease or leveling of risk. For childhood exposures, the pooled excess relative risk per Gy (ERR/Gy) was 7.7 (95% CI = 2.1, 28.7) and the excess absolute risk per <tex-math>$10^{4}\ {\rm PY}\ {\rm Gy}\ ({\rm EAR}/10^{4}\ {\rm PY}\ {\rm Gy})$</tex-math> was 4.4 (95% CI = 1.9, 10.1). The attributable risk percent (AR%) at 1 Gy was 88%. However, these summary estimates were affected strongly by age at exposure even within this limited age range. The ERR was greater (P = 0.07) for females than males, but the findings from the individual studies were not consistent. The EAR was higher among women, reflecting their higher rate of naturally occurring thyroid cancer. The distribution of ERR over time followed neither a simple multiplicative nor an additive pattern in relation to background occurrence. Only two cases were seen within 5 years of exposure. The ERR began to decline about 30 years after exposure but was still elevated at 40 years. Risk also decreased significantly with increasing age at exposure, with little risk apparent after age 20 years. Based on limited data, there was a suggestion that spreading dose over time (from a few days to >1 year) may lower risk, possibly due to the opportunity for cellular repair mechanisms to operate. The thyroid gland in children has one of the highest risk coefficients of any organ and is the only tissue with convincing evidence for risk at about 0.10 Gy. So, lilly, do we have a method for conversion from 0.10 Gy into units that are being more commonly used in the Tepco or GoJ “information” releases? http://www.rrjournal.org/doi/abs/10.2307/3579003?journalCode=rare
Full article at: http://www3.cancer.gov/intra/dce-old/pdfs/tceer.pdf
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NCRP guidelines http://www.tenorm.com/regs2.htm
CRIIRAD – iodine injestion totals http://tinyurl.com/3cv5mer
Is this the same study or a different one, are they actually going to do gamma scans or just ultrasound?
http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110725p2a00m0na007000c.html
Radiation Maps and Readings:
IAEA cesium and iodine concentration maps http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull283/28302792729.pdf
NSC radiation released from 1-3 during first week of disaster
http://fukushima.physikblog.eu/uploads/FileUpload/4/184.png
Complete NSC document for chart above
http://www.nsc.go.jp/anzen/shidai/genan2011/genan040/siryo1.pdf
Yamashita background:
Belarus study he worked on (contradicts his recent comments) http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abem/v51n5/a12v51n5.pdf
2006 Yamashita study http://www.hotthyroidology.com/editorial_158.html
More on Yamashita’s claims
http://onlyinamericablogging.blogspot.com/2011/06/witch-doctor-shunichi-yamashita-to-head.html
Video of Yamashita’s comments with facts between statements http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOgaBUDFeb4
Ex-SKF translations of Yamashita statements including transcripts
http://ex-skf.blogspot.com/2011/07/radiation-in-japan-dr-shunichi.html
http://ex-skf.blogspot.com/2011/06/dr-shunichi-yamashita-radiation-advisor.html
Potassium Iodide (preventative iodine):
FDA iodine guide http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm080542.pdf
wiki on iodine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_iodide
WHO rad iodine standards http://m.zimbio.com/Potassium+Iodide+Pills/articles/WbZrBFWtQM4/Japan+must+distribute+iodine+tablets+now+expert
Thyroid Cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical management
http://books.google.com/books?id=7u5hvX1sFEEC&pg=PP370&lpg=PP370&dq=Williams+fallout+from+chernobyl+thyroid+cancer+in+children+increased+belarus
+BMJ+1994&source=bl&ots=VvyaDWqmtd&sig=6wE_yp9ENiuEDvUI13sF7wUKH4k&hl=en&ei=qiNITr2AEcSKsQKC9JzqBQ&
amp;sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Williams%20fallout%20from%20
chernobyl%20thyroid%20cancer%20in%20children%20increased%20belarus%20BMJ%201994&f=false
Effects of ionizing radiation on the antioxidant system of microscopic fungi with radioadaptive properties found in the chernobyl exclusion zone.
Tugay TI, Zheltonozhskaya MV, S
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878763?dopt=Abstractplus
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